Anyone who has ever watched a classic western movie knows about the dangers of quicksand. You know... that gooey stuff that grabs a hold of its victim and swallows him alive! So, what is quicksand and how does it really work? In this experiment, you'll learn how to mix up a batch of thick, gooey material that behaves just like real quicksand.

Quick Sand Experiment (Source)

Materials:
One box of cornstarch (16 oz.)
Large mixing bowl
Cookie sheet, square cake pan, or something similar
Pitcher of water
Spoon
Gallon size zipper-lock bag
Newspaper or a plastic drip cloth to cover the floor
Water
Food Coloring

Method:
In this experiment, you'll be using ordinary cornstarch to model the behavior of real quicksand and learn about the properties of this non- Newtonian mixture.

IMPORTANT - READ THIS! Ironically, the cornstarch will not stay mixed with the water indefinitely. Over time, the grains of cornstarch will separate from the water and form a solid clump at the bottom of the plastic storage bag. It is for this reason that you must not pour this mixture down the drain. It will clog the pipes and stop up the drain. Pour the mixture into a zipper-lock bag and dispose of it in the garbage.

Experiment:
1. Pour approximately 1/4 of the box (about 4 oz.) of cornstarch into the mixing bowl and slowly add about a half a cup of water. Stir. Sometimes it is easier to mix the cornstarch and water with your bare hands (of course, this only adds to the fun).

2. Continue adding cornstarch and water in small amounts until you get a mixture that has the consistency of honey. It may take a little work to get the consistency just right, but you will eventually end up mixing one box of cornstarch with roughly 1 to 2 cups of water. Notice that the mixture gets thicker or more viscous as you add more cornstarch.

3. Sink your hand into the bowl of "quicksand" and notice its unusual consistency. Compare what it feels like to move your hand around slowly and then very fast. You can't move your hand around very fast! In fact, the faster you thrash around, the more like a SOLID the gooey stuff becomes. Sink you entire hand into the goo and try to grab the fluid and pull it up. That's the sensation of sinking in quicksand!

4. Drop a plastic toy animal into the cornstarch mixture and then try to get it out. It's pretty tough even for an experienced quicksand mixologist.

Slap Test Pour the mixture onto the cookie sheet or cake pan. Notice its unusual consistency when you are pouring it into the pan. Stir it around with your finger, first slowly and then as fast as you can. Skim you finger across the top of the glop. What do you notice? Sink you entire hand into the glop and try to grab the fluid and pull it up. That's the sensation of sinking in quicksand!

Try to roll the fluid between your palms to make a ball. You can even hold your hand flat over the top of the pan and slap the liquid glop as hard as you can. Most people will run for cover as you get ready to slap the liquid, fearing that it will splash everywhere.

According to theory, the mixture should stay in the pan. Yeah, right! If your cornstarch water mixture inadvertently splatters everywhere, you will know to add more cornstarch. When you are finished, pour the glop into a large zipper-lock plastic bag for later use.

How it works:
The cornstarch and water mixture acts like a solid sometimes, and a liquid at other times? Actually, this concoction is an example of what is called a non-Newtonian fluid - a fluid that defies Isaac Newton's law of viscosity. All fluids have a property known as viscosity. It is the measurable thickness or resistance to flow in a fluid. Honey and ketchup are liquids that have a high resistance to flow. Water has a low viscosity. Newton said that viscosity is a function of temperature. So, if you heat honey, the viscosity is less than that of cold honey. The cornstarch and water mixture and quicksand are both examples of non-Newtonian fluids because their viscosity changes when stress or a force is applied.

What is Quicksand? Quicksand is nothing more than a soupy mixture of sand and water, where the sand is literally floating on water. Scientifically speaking, quicksand is actually a substance that behaves like both a solid and a liquid at the same time. This is the interesting sensation you experienced with the cornstarch and water mixture. Quicksand is just solid ground that has been liquefied by too much water, and the term "quick" refers to how easily the sand shifts when in this solid-liquid state.

Quicksand is created when water floods or saturates an area of loose sand and the sand is begins to move around. Think of quicksand as a soupy mixture of sand and water that is constantly being stirred. When the water in the sandy soil cannot escape, it creates a liquid-like soil that can no longer support any weight. If an excessive amount of water flows through the sand, it forces the sand particles apart. This separation of particles causes the ground to loosen, and any weight on the sand will begin to sink through it.

The quicksand phenomenon can be caused by an uprising of water from something like flowing underground water or even an earthquake where the sand is agitated. You are likely to find quicksand around riverbanks, lake shorelines, marshes, beaches, near underground springs or any place where an uprising of water over saturates and agitates the sand.

The next time you are standing barefoot on the beach, think about the properties of quicksand. Normally, the grains of wet sand are compressed together tightly and this firm ground easily supports your weight. The friction between grains of wet sand is strong enough to make it easy to build sand castles. However, when the sand on the beach is flooded with an excess amount of water, the agitated sand particles begin to move, separate and quickly wash away right from under your feet!

This activity is a great example of how to use a model to study something that most of us will never see in person. While the cornstarch and water mixture is not real quicksand, its behavior is strikingly similar. The use of these kinds of models are an important part of a scientist's research into the areas of the unknown.

Additional Information:
Escaping from Quicksand According to The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook, escaping from quicksand is easier than you might think. Stepping into quicksand is like stepping in a pond of goo. Your weight causes you to sink. A person's natural instinct is to thrash around in an attempt to get out. In fact, this is the worst thing you could do because you only succeed in forcing yourself down farther in the quicksand pit. The best thing to do is to move slowly to bring yourself to the surface, lie back, and try to float on your back. According to the experts, you'll be able to use your arms to slowly paddle to safety.